Thymosin Alpha-1 and Immune Signalling in Preclinical Models
A thymic peptide studied for its effects on innate and adaptive immune signalling pathways.
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NAD+ and Cellular Energy Metabolism Research
A coenzyme that is also a consumed substrate — which is why its biology is more complicated than a textbook cycle.
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SS-31 (Elamipretide) and Cardiolipin-Targeted Mitochondrial Research
A tetrapeptide with an unusually specific molecular target inside the inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides: The MOTS-c Research Field
Short peptides encoded within mitochondrial DNA — a genuinely recent addition to signalling biology.
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GHK-Cu: Copper-Binding Peptides in Matrix Biology Research
A three-residue peptide with unusually well-defined coordination chemistry, and a broad research literature.
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Growth Hormone Secretagogues: GHRH Analogues and Ghrelin Receptor Ligands
Two distinct receptor systems, frequently conflated. What separates them mechanistically.
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Incretin Receptor Signalling: GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Pathways
The receptor biology behind one of the most active areas in metabolic research.
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BPC-157 and Thymosin Beta-4: What the Tissue-Repair Literature Shows
A measured review of two heavily discussed research peptides — mechanisms proposed, evidence available, and limits.
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Receptor Pharmacology Primer: Agonists, Antagonists, and Selectivity
The vocabulary behind every mechanism description — and why selectivity is rarely absolute.
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Half-Life Engineering: PEGylation, Acylation, and Albumin Binding
Native peptides clear quickly. The chemistry used to extend circulating time, and what it changes.
